By Peter Roper

In 1948 the Library of Congress in Washington DC acquired the private papers including maps, diaries and letters of a topographi¬cal engineer in the Confederate States Army, Major Jedediah Hotchkiss. The collection includes 600 maps (340 in manuscript) dealing essentially with Virginia and West Virginia between 1861 and 1865. Here, Peter Roper tells the story of the acquisition of the collection and of its original owner who has been described as 'one of America's foremost cartographers.[1]  Some recent events make this account of Hotchkiss and his maps very topical. From December 5, 1988 to May 21, 1989 the Library of Congress exhibited sixty maps from its collection of 2,317 cartographic items pertaining to the Civil War. Among those representing Confederate mapping were four items from the Hotchkiss Collection including the large map of the Shenandoah Valley. In conjunction with this exhibition, the Library of Congress pub¬lished a second, and much enlarged, edition of Civil War Maps: an annotated List of Maps and Atlases in the Library of Congress, compiled by Richard W. Stephenson.

Meanwhile in Winchester, Virginia, Eugene F. Schultz of the Winchester-Frederick County Historical Society, and Handley Library Director, Marianne Roos, had arranged for the three Hotchkiss maps donated to the Library by his granddaughter, to be conserved and placed on public view for the first time on May 25, 1989.

Two months earlier, another Hotchkiss map, a printed one of Augusta County, Virginia, compiled in 1870, and signed by Robert E. Lee, was presented as a loan item to the Museum of American Frontier Culture located near Staunton, Virginia. Hotchkiss made this map when he was engaged by Lee as topographer to the Board of Survey of Washington College, now Washington and Lee University, Lexington, Virginia.

J. COOKE WYLLIE, the Curator of Rare Books at the Alderman Library, University of Virginia, made the comment about led Hotchkiss being 'one of America's foremost cartog¬raphers' after examining a collection of maps offered for sale in Winchester, Virginia.

The seller was Hotchkiss' granddaughter, Mrs R. E. Christian, but the credit for there being a sale at all must go to C. Vernon Eddy of The Handley Library, Winchester, Virginia. For some time, at the behest of Colonel Lawrence Martin, Chief of the Division of Maps at the Library of Congress, he had been seeking the whereabouts of any Hotchkiss maps which may have survived since the American Civil War. In the early thirties he had learned that some of these were stored in Hotchkiss' old home, 'The Oaks', in Staunton, Virginia. However, it was not until 1938 after a meeting with Mrs Christian, that he was invited to the house. Once there, two large boxes were taken out from the 'largest walk-in safe in Augusta county', and forced open. On removing the lids, Eddy 'saw roll after roll of maps, the long lost and almost forgotten work of "Stonewall" lackson's topographical engineer'. He secured Mrs Christian's agreement for the removal of the boxes to The Handley Library where their contents could be examined and catalogued in safety. [2]


About the same time there was another who had an interest in locating led's papers. This was Douglas Southall Freeman, the renowned Richmond newspaper editor, historian, and biographer of Robert E. Lee. He had approached led's eldest daughter, Nellie, who was then 81, and learned of the location of the Hotchkiss papers and proposed that he should send his research assistant to Staunton to examine them. Not knowing of her niece's action, Nellie welcomed Freeman's proposal and instructed that the papers and maps should be placed in the parlour of 'The Oaks' in readiness for a visit by Freeman. [3]

The consequence of this lack of consultation between led's only two surviving descendants was that the maps and papers 'passed into Freeman's control to be interred in the 'tomb-like structure' of Battle Abbey in Richmond. [4] Not until Aunt Nellie died in 1947 was it possible for Mrs. Christian, with the help of Eddy, to complete the process of preparing the collection for sale. By the middle of January 1948, Eddy was ready to show the collection to two prospective buyers, the Library of Congress and the Alderman Library. For several weeks 'severe weather and snow blocked roads' prevented their experts from travelling to Winchester.[5]] When, at the third attempt, Mrs LeGear, of the Library of Congress, arrived at The Handley Library she described the maps as 'marvellous' examples of cartography and said she doubted whether anyone then living could do such work.[6] The Library of Congress offered $4,500, a sum which could not be matched by the Alderman Library [7] The negotia¬tions with Eddy and Mrs Christian were concluded in June, 1948, and all but four of the maps, which were retained by the Handley Library, were transferred to the Library of Congress [8] By way of a consolation prize, the Alderman Library was able to buy from Mrs Christian, Hotchkiss' papers, maps and ephemera, which had not been included in the material sent to Battle Abbey. [9]

The author became aware of Jedediah Hotchkiss in 1976 from reading a reprint of an article written by Mrs LeGear and first published shortly after the map collection had been acquired by the Library of Congress. From this article it was clear that Hotchkiss was a man of extraordinary interest, one who would be worth getting to know. Serious study had to wait until retirement provided sufficient time to sift through and read the mass of Hotchkiss papers which Eddy had rescued from obscurity. Two long visits to the USA allowed travel over much of the territory familiar to Hotchkiss; his birthplace in the State of New York, his beloved Valley of Virginia where he made his home, and the wild country of West Virginia where the coal industry was to owe so much to his efforts. [10]

A dozen or so years before John Brown attacked the arsenal at Harper's Ferry, and a certain Colonel Robert E. Lee regained it, two young men from the north arrived there on a canal boat. They were about to enter Virginia on a walking tour financed by the selling of maps and books as they went. One of them was Jedediah Hotchkiss, not yet nineteen, but with one year's teaching experience in a mining village in Lykens Valley in Pennsylvania. He could not have imagined the consequences of that youthful expedition, nor, as he viewed and sketched the magnificent scenery embracing the union of the Potomac and Shenandoah rivers from the rocky heights of the Maryland shore could he have foreseen that his drafting skill would be used in a civil war. The idea that he would side with the slave-holding south he would have dismissed as a nightmare fantasy.

Jed was born at the end of November, 1828, in Windsor, Broome County, a village lying in the valley of the Susquehanna, a few miles to the north of the New York-Pennsylvania State line. His limited schooling was supplemented by extensive reading which stimulated an interest in the natural sciences. Of these, geology was one in which he would make a contribution of far reaching consequences to the state drained by the two rivers now before him.

In the course of this tour he met Henry Forrer, joint owner with his brother Daniel of the Shenandoah Iron Furnace property in Page County. Henry was a bachelor, but his brother, who operated a furnace at Mossy Creek in Augusta County, was a family man in need of a tutor for his children. led was offered the job; he accepted thinking only to stay for a year. His tutoring was successful, and he enjoyed the life. He was adequately paid, he liked his employer, and the job left him ample time to explore the beautiful, and geologically interesting, Shenandoah Valley. The demand for Jed's services as a teacher by Forrer's neighbours eventually caused led to canvass for the establish¬ment of Mossy Creek Academy, which, with its own boarding house, was to provide a first class education for boys from all over the State. During this time he married Sara Ann Comfort, of Lanesboro, Pennsylvania. They had two children, both girls, Ellen May (Nellie) and Anna Lydia, born respectively in 1855 and 1857. A combination of financial difficulties and the poor health of his wife following the birth of their second daughter caused him to sell his interest in the Academy and to move to Stribling Springs where for a year he ran a Select (private) School. While there, he planned another Academy and per-suaded his brother Nelson to join him. In 1859 the brothers bought a 300 acre farm on the outskirts of Churchville, where they established Loch Willow School. Before the end of the second academic year the school closed and Jed rode off to war, offering his services as a mapmaker to General Garnet.

For twelve years Hotchkiss had been a teacher. As far as can be told from the record, this was the career he chose for himself, enjoyed, and was dedicated to. Surveying and mapmaking were just part of the school curriculum; necessary for a proper understanding of geography, valuable as a practical exercise in trigonometry, essential in an agricultural economy practised in a land still only partly explored and even less mapped. There is nothing in his pre-war record to prepare us for either the quality or the quantity of the cartographic output to come. True, there are sketch maps in his diaries, and references to surveying; he drew a pi at (plan) of Mr Forrer's meadow, and of the land purchased for the boarding house of Mossy Creek Academy, but these were nothing more than one would expect of a school¬master of the time. There is evidence of drawing skill in his diary sketches, and in the few flower paintings surviving from his youth, but nothing to foretell the artistry of his work as a topographical engineer. [11]

His first few months of active service in the mountains of western Virginia were disastrous. He was involved in the retreat from Rich Mountain, where, barely escaping capture, he lost all his surveying equipment as well as the notes of the triangulation he had just completed. [n July, 1860, he was at Valley Mountain at the head of Tygart's Valley on topographical duties for Generals Lee and Loring. Here he caught typhoid fever and had to return home, but not before he had completed a map of Tygart's Valley with the help of loseph Conrad, a local magistrate and surveyor. While on sick leave he wrote a report on the Rich Mountain affair, and drew a fair copy of his Tygart's Valley map. This, now in the Alderman Library, is almost certainly the first of led's war-time maps to have survived.

When compared with his later maps it has a certain 'stiffness' conferred by the form lines depicting the ridges enclosing the valley. On the other hand it is unmistakedly Hotchkiss; from a school master, 'Professor' Hotchkiss had become, if not over¬night, then within a few months, a topographical engineer to be compared favourably with his professionally trained colleagues.

Following convalescence, Hotchkiss joined General Thomas ("Stonewall") laekson in March, 1862, immediately after the battle of Kernstown, and received the famous order to 'Make me a map of the Valley ... [12] One of the products of this instruction is item 89 of the Hotchkiss Map Collection in the Library of Congress; a map of the Shenandoah Valley 100 x 44 inches at a scale of 1 :80,000 drawn on tracing linen in red for roads, blue for drainage, with land form and lettering in black. The relief is depicted mainly by form lines, which adequately convey the topography in areas familiar to Hotchkiss, but deteriorate into symbolism elsewhere. There is limited use of hachures. Churches and mills are shown by symbols, and there is extensive naming of occupiers of the dwellings marked on the map. It was drawn on three pieces of tracing linen which were glued together to form a continuous sheet. On this long strip led drew the ¾ inch N-S, E- W grid oriented so that northeast was at the top of the map, thus allowing him to get practically the whole of the Valley within the width of tracing linen at his disposal. The grid was first drawn in pencil, but was ruled over in ink some time after the map was finished. There was certainly more than one copy of this map, and many other maps of portions of the Valley were derived from this, or one of its copies. [13]


Although led made a number of reconnaissance trips shortly after receiving his orders from lackson, it was not until the General left the Valley to help in the defence of the Confederate capital that he was able to make a start 0n the map. It was probably available for use by the late summer of 1862, but it was continually revised and added to throughout the War. Only five days before Lee's surrender at Appomattox, Jed recorded in his diary, 'I corrected Valley map some. [14]

Perhaps of greater historic interest, and a map described by Mrs LeGear as 'One of the finest maps in the collection', is one that he made in the early part of 1863 when Jackson's Corps was in winter quarters at Moss Neck on the Rappahannock cast of Fredericksburg. On February 23rd he 'got secret orders from the General to prepare a map of the Valley of Va. extended to Harrisburg, Pa., and then on to Philadelphia, wishing the preparation to be kept a profound secret'. The second invasion of the North was being planned, onc which would end at Gettysburg. This map is onc of the three given by Mrs Christian to The Handley Library, but is represented in the Library of Congress collection by a photostat copy. The original was drawn on a sheet 132 x 81cms (52 x 32 inches), at half the scale of the Valley map, though no scale nor the conventional orientation is depicted. The map is very finely drawn, roads, rivers and lettering arc shown as in the Valley map, but relief is by hachures. Again, the names of many householders are given. [15]
 
This is only onc of many maps made by Hotchkiss during that winter at Moss Neck when General Jackson and other senior officers were writing their reports of the campaigns of 1862. Because Jackson was meticulous in the preparation of these, Jed participated in the many conferences called to determine the location of divisions, brigades, or other formations on the battlefields. Consequently he was as well informed about the conduct of the campaigns as anyone, and far better than most. [t was this knowledge which made him so much in demand after the war as a lecturer, and as a source of information for those writing their memoirs. He was indispensable to historians of the War in Virginia.

As the War progressed the provision of topographic informa¬tion became more sophisticated. By 1864 Jed had established a small section of mapmakers and draftsmen who contributed to the report of the campaigns of that year. Accompanying the forty-eight page report were fifty-nine maps, including nineteen duplicates. Fortunately this was never sent to headquarters, or it would almost certainly have been lost as was so much of the Confederate cartographic output.


Cartographically the War never ended for Hotchkiss. No sooner was the fighting over than he was engaged with William Allan, another of lackson's staff officers, in writing an account of the Battle of Chancellorsville. He provided the maps for thIS, and for other books by Allan. He was in demand as a lecturer, North and South, and these 'chalk talks', as the press called them, were unique in the manner in which he drew a map on a blackboard as he unfolded some heroic tale. A more permanent cartographic record of the Virginia campaigns was provided by the Atlas to Accompany the Official Records which was pub¬lished in parts between 1891 and 1895. It contains about 100 Hotchkiss maps, some simple sketches of few lines, others depicting in great detail the movement of military formations over the Virginia landscape. Toward the end of the century, when there was renewed interest in the events of the Civil War, and a desire to preserve the battlefields as monuments to the bravery of the citizen soldiery, Jed was engaged as topographer to the Antietam Battlefield Commission. Maps he made during this assignment are to be found in the Library of Congress and in the National Archives.

What Jed did for the Confederate States was to provide a comprehensive topographical service to Generals Lee, Jackson, Ewell, Early, and to many of their subordinate commanders. His years in the Valley, his ability to draw the country he rode over, or could see before him, allowed him to convey to these officers the topographical information they needed.

What service in the Confederate cause did for led was to perfect a skill and put it to practical use. It also made the classroom claustrophobic.

When the War was over it was Jed's intention to return to teaching, and indeed he did so for two years. For a very short while he ran a Select School in the Temperance Rooms in Churchville, but then moved to Staunton to found a similar school for the children of his former comrades. At the same time he undertook surveying commissions, an activity which soon became his principal occupation. Through this real estate business Jed was able to develop his interest in the economic geology of the two Virginia states and he became an acknow¬ledged expert on their mineral resources. In 1868 he was engaged by Robert E. Lee, at that time President of Washington College in Lexington, Virginia, to be topographer to that institution's Board of Survey. This assignment ended on Lee's death in 1870, but not before the publication of a very detailed map of Augusta County, Virginia, drawn to a scale of one inch to a mile.


He was chosen by Virginia's Board of Immigration to prepare Virginia; a Geographical and Political Summary. For this he produced a Geological Map, and in so doing honoured a man whose work for Virginia had been overlooked. This was William Barton Rogers, another northerner, who, in the year of led's birth, became Professor of Natural Philosophy at William and Mary College. In 1836 he was appointed State Geologist and for six years engaged in a geological survey of Virginia. Progess was reported annually, but no map was made before the Survey ceased to be funded in 1842. There was no geological map because, as Rogers put it, 'The number and the magnitude of the errors of our state map ... have been found to be so important as to render it extremely difficult and almost useless to introduce geological delineation upon its surface ... In a multitude of cases the directions of streams and mountains are falsely represented; sometimes objects of this kind are laid down where they have no existence, and still oftener omitted where they are sufficiently important to merit notice.  [16]

Using the maps at his disposal Hotchkiss produced a map of Virginia on a scale of 24 miles to one inch upon which Rogers was able to delineate the geology. Thus to Hotchkiss must go the credit of producing the first geological map of Virginia. The Summary was eventually issued in 1876, but being an official publication, received little publicity. It was left to Hotchkiss to see that the map was more widely distributed by including it as a supplement to the magazine The Virginias, a monthly journal which he established in 1880 and produced for six years. In 1884 he issued an improved version of the map on the same scale, and in the same year exhibited at the Exposition at New Orleans 'A Geological Map of Virginia and West Virginia', 152 x 365cms (6ft. by 12ft.), at a scale of 3.5 inches to the mile. This was one of ten thematic maps at this scale specially prepared and framed for this event. [17]

The Virginias not only provided an opportunity to present information and maps of Virginian mineral lands to a wide audience, including subscribers in England; it ensured that Hotchkiss became well known to mining engineers, investors, and railway magnates. Among the latter was Frederick J. Kimball. He was a trained railroad engineer who had spent some time in the workshops at Crewe, England. He later joined a major banking house, E. W. Clark and Sons of Philadelphia, as a railroad specialist. His uncle, William Milnes, had bought the Shenandoah Iron Works once owned by the Forrers. A railroad alongside would be of enormous advantage. The Clarks put up the money, Kimball supervised the construction and was made the President of the Shenandoah Valley Railroad. In his journal, Hotchkiss published a map of the line, and of the territory tributary to it. Thus began an association with Kimball which was to have far reaching consequences. The Cl arks and others acquired the bankrupt A.M. and O. Railroad which ran from Norfolk to the southwest corner of the State, renamed it the Norfolk and Western Railroad, and appointed Kimball a vice¬president. Kimball extended the Shenandoah Valley Railroad to join the N & W at a village called Big Lick, soon to become the thriving city of Roanoke. Hotchkiss had advised on the location of a route on the western side of the Blue Ridge, and reported on the seology and mineral deposits of the neighbouring country. [18]

In 1881, when Kimball wanted an independent supply of coal to fuel his locomotives, he again turned to Hotchkiss for advice. Hotchkiss replied promptly, for he was well aware of the richness of the coal seams exposed by the creeks cutting into the steep southeast escarpment of Great Flat Top mountain in southwest Virginia. Eight years earlier he had sent a surveyor, Captain I. A. Welch, to examine and report on this region. Here Welch had found 'on the land of Mr. Nelson, a bed of coal had been driven into, for about 50 feet, that measured 9 feet in thickness from floor to roof, that had a slate floor of 10 inches under which Mr. Nelson said there was 2 feet more of coal', Welch further reported, 'The whole coal-field is regular in its stratification, and, making full allowance for any mistakes in locating the various beds, I feel fully assured in making the amount of coal that can be successfully mined - taking into account no bed less than three feet thick ... as 30 feet, and I am sure, if all the beds are developed, it will greatly exceed that amount'. In the light of this knowledge, Hotchkiss wrote to Kimball, 'At the earliest possible moment I have constructed, and herewith hand you, a Topographical Map showing what I conceive to be the best route, or routes, from the Norfolk & Western Railway to the Great Ohio Coal Basin, all things considered ... [19]


'The advantage of the two proposed routes was that the coal¬beds could be reached near the level of their outcrops; and then these outcrops may be followed northward for mining the coal and the point of vantage has been gained for crossing from the highest levels of the stream-valleys over to the Great Carbonifer¬ous Plateau, with its vast resources of timber and coals of many kinds, ... and thence down ... to the Ohio to the railway systems of the west.' In this sentence led expressed his vision of the future and by doing so made a substantial contribution to its realization. As a direct result, mining operations began at a place to be called Pocahontas, and an extension to the N& W constructed by the route favoured by Hotchkiss. For at least the next forty years coal from the seams of this immense field was the principal source of steam-raising fuel in the V.S. The social consequences of the development and subsequent decline of this great industry are still with us.

Thus, the 'Topographical Map showing Possible Railway Routes to Great Ohio Coal Basin from Norfolk & Western Railway by led Hotchkiss, Cons. Eng'r. Staunton, Va .. April 1881' is an historic document of major importance in the industrial and social record of the Virginias.[20]

For the remainder of his life Hotchkiss concerned himself with the mapping of coal and timber lands for the coal land associations organized to exploit the resources which railroad development had rendered profitable. He was financially involved in most of these associations and active in their management, but his principal role was to organise the survey and cartographic services essential for the successful commercial development of hundreds of square miles of a wild, ravine¬ridden mountain region. Much of this effort did not yield its full reward until after his death, but he was able to witness the expansion of the N&W into the major coal carrying railroad of the V.S., a direct consequence of his skill as a mapmaker.

Although Colonel Lawrence Martin's motive for wishing to acquire Hotchkiss maps for the Library of Congress was their significance in the prosecution of the Civil War in Northern Virginia, the collection purchased by his successor contains a sufficient number of non-military maps to remind us that the services of Jedediah Hotchkiss to his adopted State were at least as great in peace as in war.

References:

1. J. Cooke Wylie to C. Vernon Eddy, February 13, 1948. This is one of 141 letters written between March 30, 1938 and April 27, 1964 found by the author at the former residence of Mrs. R. E. Christian, grand-daughter of Jedediah Hotchkiss, at Deerfield, Virginia. These letters are now located in the Martha S. Grafton Library, Mary Baldwin College, Staunton, Virginia. Unless stated otherwise the letters quoted are among this collection.
2. Everard Kidder Meade. 'Maps and other papers of Major Jed. Hotchkiss C.S.A.•, Proceedings of the Clark County Historical Association, Vol. 8. (1948:59). C. Vernon Eddy to Mrs R. E. Christian, March 30, April 4, 1938.
   
3. Mrs G. S. Holmes (Nellie) to Mrs R. E. Christian, May 25, 1938.
4. The two boxes of maps. weighing 325Ibs., were sent to Richmond on August 3, 1938. The description of Battle Abbey is that of C. Vernon Eddy in a letter to Mrs Christian, July 17, 1947.
5. C. Vernon Eddy to Mrs R. E. Christian, January 29, 1948.
   
6. C. Vernon Eddy to Mrs R. E. Christian, February 18, 1948.
7. Alton H. Keller, Chief of Order Division, Library of Congress to Mrs R. E.Christian, April 19, 1948.
8. Mrs. R. E. Christian to C. Vernon Eddy, June 14, 1948. Three of the maps were a gift to Eddy as Librarian of The Handley Library, the fourth, the large map of the Shenandoah Valley, remained in the ownership of Mrs Christian, but was loaned to The Handley Library in consideration of the deep 'interest and courtesy' shown by Eddy to Mrs Christian in connection with the discovery and disposal of the Hotchkiss maps and papers. At the same time a revised offer of $4,100 for the remaining maps was accepted by Mrs Christian. Following the death of C. Vernon Eddy in October, 1963, the Shenandoah Valley Map was transferred to the Library of Congress.
9. Francis L. Berkeley, Jr. to Mrs R. E. Christian, July 6, 1948.
10. Clara E. LeGear, 'The Hotchkiss Collection of Confederate Maps', Library of Congress Quarrerly Journal of Currel11 Acquisilions, November, 1948, reprinted in A la Carle: Selecled Papers on Maps and Atlases, Compiled by Waiter W. Ristow (Library of Congress, Washington, 1972) pp. 183-8.
11. Plot of D. Forrer's Meadow, Hotchkiss Papers, Microfilm Reel 39 Frame 486, Manuscripts Division, Library of Congress. Journal of Jed Hotchkiss, April 26 to August 2, 1847 and August 3, 1847 to March 1848. Hotchkiss Papers, Microfilm Reel I, Library of Congress.
    Painting inscribed 'Class 11 Isosandria Ord. 12 Polyginia Rosa Mar/47 Mahony Pa. J Hotchkiss•. Hotchkiss Papers. Box 6. Alderman Library. University of Virginia.
12. Jed Hotchkiss Diary, March 26, 1862. Archie P. McDonald, ed. Make me a Map of Ihe Valley: Ihe Civil War Journal of SlOnewall Jackson's Topographer, plO.
13. In a letter to Hotchkiss, December 29, 1865, S. Howell Brown. who also had been a topographical engineer with the Army of Northern Virginia, wrote that the only map he had saved was •that of the Valley from Potomac to Staunton and from mountain to mountain'. Hotchkiss Papers, Microfilm Reel 49, Frame 21, Library of Congress.
14. April 4, 1865. Archie P. McDona1d, p.264.
15. Clara Egli LeGear. The HOlchkiss Map Collection, (Washington, 1951, reprinted 1977). Archie P. McDonald, p.116
16. William Barton Rogers, Reporr of the Geological Reconnaisance of Ihe Stale of Virginia, /836, p.126.
17. A facsimile of the map issued as a supplement to The Virginias Vol. 1 No. 6, June, 1880, is among the maps accompanying A Descriplion of Ihe Counlry:
    Virginia Carlographers and Iheir Maps, E. M. Sanchez - Saavedra. (Richmond. Virginia State Library. 1975).
    Details of the maps exhibited at the New Orleans Exposition are given in The Virginias Vol. 6 No. / January, 1885:3-4.
18. For a history of the Norfolk and Western Railroad see Joseph T. Lambie From Mine 10 Market, New York University Press, 1954. Jed Hotchkiss to F. J. Kimball, November 6 and 15, 1880, Hotchkiss Papers, Microfilm Reel 18, Frames 254-271, Library of Congress.
    Map of Ihe Shenandoah Valley showing the location of The Shenandoah Valley Railroad and of Ihe iron ore bellS and olher mineral deposils. Supplement to The Virginias Vol. 2 No. 5, 1881.
19. Jed Hotchkiss to F. J. Kimball, April 14, 1881, Hotchkiss Papers, Microfilm Reel IR, Frames 295-299, Lihrery of Congres.
20. This map is located in the Special Collections Department, Newman Library, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia.

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